Đề cương ôn thi vào lớp 10 môn Tiếng Anh - Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Vân

Nội dung tài liệu: Đề cương ôn thi vào lớp 10 môn Tiếng Anh - Nguyễn Thị Cẩm Vân

1. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN LỜI MỞ ĐẦU Các em học sinh thân mến! Cô soạn đề cương 12 chuyên đề này giúp các ôn tập lại kiến thức bước vào kì thi tuyển sinh vào THPT. Các em thấy còn yếu phần nào mở chuyên đề đó ra ôn lại lý thuyết , sau đó làm các bài tập vận dụng ở phần đó để luyện tập sâu hơn nhé các em. Good luck to you! TT Tên chuyên đề Trang Đáp án 1 Các thì trong Tiếng Anh 2 30 2 Câu điều ước 5 31 3 Câu bị động 6 32 4 Câu gián tiếp 8 33 5 Câu điều kiện 13 34 6 Mệnh đề quan hệ 15 35 7 Câu hỏi đuôi 17 35 8 So that, such that, enough , too 20 36 9 Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ 22 37 10 Bài tập viết lại từ QKD sang HTHT 23 37 11 Cấp so sánh 24 38 12 Ngữ âm 26 13 Tuyển tập một số đề ôn thi vào THPT Đề 1 38 40 Đề 2 41 44 1
2. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN CHUYÊN ĐỀ I : CÁC THÌ TRONG TIẾNG ANH 1. Thì hiện tại đơn (động từ thường) S + V(s/es) + C. S + don't/ doesn't + V.bare +... (Wh) + do/ does + S + V.bare ...? Trạng từ thường gặp : sometimes, often , usually , always , everyday . *Pronounciation: "s/es" -/s/ --> p, k, f, t -/iz/ --> s, ss, sh, ch, c, g, x, z -/z/ --> còn lại 2. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành (have/ has) S + have/ has + V.pp + ... S + haven't/ hasn't + V.pp + ... (Wh) + have/ has + S + V.pp + ? Trạng từ : for + khoảng thời gian Since + mốc thời gian Ever, never, yet, just , already , recently, so far 3. Thì hiện tai tiếp diễn (be --> am/ is/ are) S + be (not) + V.ing + ... (Wh) + be + S + V.ing + ... ? - Talk about an action that is happenning at the moment of speaking. - Talk about changes with "get" and "become". Trạng từ now, at the moment , at present ., look ! listen !.... 4. Thì Quá khứ đơn a. Form: + S + V.past + C. - S + didn't + V.bare + C. ? Did + S + V.bare + ...? *Be: +.Was/ Were; - Wasn't/ Weren't; ? Was/ Were – S ... b. Use: - Talk about actions happened and finished in the past. c. Sign: - Yesterday (morning/ afternoon/ evening) -Last + N(time) - A period of time + ago. -in/ on/ at + past time ( in 1999). d. V.past: There are two kinds: - Regular verbs: V + ed - Irregular verbs: sts must learn by heart *Pronounciation: "ed" -/t/ --> th, k, p, f, gh, ss, c, x, sh, ch 2
3. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN -/id/ --> t, d -/d/ --> còn lại 5. Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn I, she, he , it + was + ving We, you , they + were + ving Cách dùng thời điểm cụ thể ở quá khứ At this time yesterday , at 7 p.m last night When/ While: + Khi 2 hành động xảy ra kế tiếp nhau trong quá khứ, ta chia cả 2 ở quá khứ đơn. When + S + V.past S + V.past + Khi 2 hđ xảy ra song song trong quá khứ, ta chia cả 2 ở quá khứ tiếp diễn. While + S + Vquá khứ tiếp diễn, S + V quá khứ tiếp diễn + Khi 1 hđ đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì có một hđ khác xen vào, cắt ngang, ta chia 1 quá khứ đơn, 1 quá khứ tiếp diễn. - When/ While + S + V.past cont , S + V. past - When + S + V.past , S + V.past cont Bài tập Exercise 1: Chia dạng đúng của động từ 1. ___________he (go) ___________________to school every day? 2. They (begin) __________ to study at this school 7 years ago. 3. We (visit) ___________ that city last year. 4. __________you (spend) _________ your holiday in Dalat last summer? 5. My father ( drink ) coffee every morning. 6. At Christmas, people often ( decorate ) a tree. 7. They ( watch ) T.V at present ? - No. They ( listen ) to the radio 8. He and I ( play ) soccer at the moment. 9. What (you/do)this time yesterday?I was asleep. 10.When we came, he (read)books. 11.He (study) English for three years 12.They (come) here many times 13.He (already read) these books EXERCISE 2 choose the best answer 1. My father _____ to give up smoking since last week. A. was trying B. have tried C. has tried D. tried. 2. Yesterday, While I _____ TV, my sister _____ to music. A. was watching/ listening B. watched/ listened C. was watching/ was listening D. watching/ listening 3. Kien _____ to the zoo tomorrow 3
4. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN A. will go B. will be going C. will be gone D. go Exercise 3: find the mistake and correct it. 1. Hoa usually help her mother after school. A B C D 2. Does your brother drives to work every morning?. A B C D 3. Ha correspond her parents at least once every week. A B C D 4. Nga works for an international bank in Ha Noi at the moment. A B C D 5. My father is at home now. He does the housework. A B C D 6.Na is sick yesterday, so she didn’t go to school . A B C D 7. When we arrive at the airport in Ha Noi yesterday afternoon, It was raining heavily. A B C D 8. They has been pen pals for over two years. A B C D 9. Miss Lan taught in this school since 2016. A B C D 10. Nam has played the piano when he was five. A B C D 11. He did his homework at 8.00 yesterday morning. A B C D II . WISH CLAUSE "Wish/ if only": ước, mơ ước a.Form: S + Wish(es) + S + V.past/ were/ weren't ... (I wish = If only) Would/ could + V.bare (in the future, tomorrow, next, the following ) b.Use: - Dùng "wish" khi đặt giả thiết cho một hành động không thực ở hiện tại, trái với thực tế hiện tại. - Để diễn đạt một mong muốn về một khả năng hay tình huống trong tương lai, ta dùng "Could/ Would + V.bare " *Example: - I wish I had a car. (But I don't have a car.) - Lan wishes she were a teacher. (But she isn't a teacher.) Bài 1: Chọn đáp án đúng để hoàn thành câu sau. 1. I wish I (have/ has/ had) a lot of interesting book. 2. I wish I (would meet/ met/ meet ) her tomorrow. 4
5. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 3. I wish I (was/ were/ am) your sister. 4. I wish they ( won/ had won/ would win) the match last Sunday 5. I wish they ( played/ playing/ play) soccer well. 6. She wishes she (will/ would/ can) come here to visit us. 7. I wish yesterday ( were /was/had been ) a better day. 8. I wish I (can speak/ could speak/ will speak) many languages 9. I wish tomorrow ( were/ will be/ would be) Sunday. 10. I wish I ( am/ was/ were) a movie star . Bài 2: Tìm và sửa lỗi sai trong các câu sau. 1. She wish she could speak English well. 2. I wish it didn’t rained now. 3. I wish I was a doctor to save people. 4. I wish I have more time to look after my family. 5. He wishes it didn’t rain yesterday. 6. I wish my father gives up smoking in the near future. 7. I wish I studied very well last year. 8. I wish you will come to my party next week. Bài 3: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng câu ước với “wish”. 1. I have to study hard. -> I wish . 2. We had a lot of homework yesterday. -> I wish 3. It is raining heavily. -> I wish . .. 4. It was cold last night. . -> I wish . .. 5. They work slowly. -> I wish . .. 6. She doesn’t join in the trip. -> I wish . 7. I am not good at English. -> I wish . 8. He studies badly. -> I wish . .. III. PASSIVE VOICE Passive form: + Active: S + V + O + Passive: S + be + V.pp + by O Example: + I water the trees everyday. - The trees are watered everyday. 5
6. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN a.Present simple: ( HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN ) S + V(s/es) + O S + am/ is/ are + V.pp + by O b.The past simple: ( QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN ) S + V.past + O S + was/ were + V.pp + by O c.The present continuous tense: ( HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN ) S + am/ is/ are + V.ing + O S + am/ is/ are + being + V.pp + by O d.The past continuous tense: ( QUA KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN ) S + was/ were + V.ing + O S + was/ were + being + V.ing + by O e.The present perfect tense: ( HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THANH ) S + has/ have + V.pp + O S + has/ have + been + V.pp + By O f.The future simple tense: ( TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN ) S+ will + V.bare + O S + will + be + V.pp + by O 2. Steps for changing active sentences into passive form: - Xác định các thành phần ngữ pháp trong câu. - Chuyển Obj trong câu chủ động làm S trong câu bị động. - Xác định thì động từ. Động từ chính trong câu chủ động chia ở hình thức nào thì động từ "be" trong câu bị động được chia như vậy. - Chuyển động từ chính thành V.pp. - Xác định vị trí các trạng từ nếu có. Adv of place Adv of time - Xác định tân ngữ sau "by" và hoàn thành câu. *Nếu By + N (phải giữ nguyên trừ people) *Nếu By + Các đại từ bất định như someone, everyone, ... --> ta lược bỏ *Nếu By + Các đại từ nhân xưng --> ta lược bỏ, nếu không phải chuyển chúng thành ĐTNX tân ngữ (I-me/ he-him/ they-them/ we-us/ ...) *Nếu S là: No one/ nobody/ no ...-> ta bỏ "by Obj" và thêm "not" sau TrĐT trong câu BĐ. 3.Practice: Exercise 1: 1. Maryam impressed by the beauty of Ha Noi and the friendliness of its people. A B C D 2. This villa was built a long time ago from French. A B C D 3. An English Speaking Club will held in my school next week. A B C D 6
7. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 4. Was you taught how to apply this theory by your teachers? A B C D Exercise 2: Change these sentences into passive 1. Mary types letters in the office. 2. His father will help you tomorrow. 3. Science and technology have completely changed human life. 4. Peter broke this bottle. 5. They are learning English in the room. 6. Nothing can change my mind. 7. No one had told me about it. 8. I don’t know her telephone number 9. My students will bring the children home. 10. They sent me a present last week. 11. She gave us more information. 12. The chief engineer was instructing all the workers of the plan. 13. They can’t make tea with cold water. 14. Somebody has taken some of my books away. 15. They will hold the meeting before May Day. 16. They have to repair the engine of the car. IV. CÂU GIÁN TIẾP ( REPORTED SPEECH ) 1. Câu kể *Example: -Nga said "I'm doing my homework now." Sts: -Nga said that she was doing her homework then. *Steps: -Tìm S (ai nói) + Động từ giới thiệu + Obj/ that ... said (that) -->S1 + said to s.o (that) + S2 + V LÙI THÌ told s.o (that) -Biến đổi ĐTNX làm S/ Obj, TTSH, ĐTSH sao cho phù hợp với S1/ Obj1. -Biến đổi động từ --> Lùi về 1 thì so với câu trực tiếp. Direct speech Reported speech Present simple tense: Past simple tense: S + V(s/es) + C S + V.past + C. Present continuous tense: Past continuous tense: S + am/ is/ are + V.ing ... S + was/ were + V.ing ... Future simple tense: S + will + V.bare + ... S + would + V.bare + ... Present perfect tense: Past perfect tense: S + have/ has + V.pp ... S + had + V.pp ... Modals: Past form: S + could + V.bare ... 7
8. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN S + can + V.bare Might ... Had to May Must/ have to - Biến đổi các Đại từ chỉ định, Trạng từ chỉ thời gian, vị trí phù hợp: Direct speech Reported speech This/ these That/ those Here There Now Then Today That day Tomorrow The next day Yesterday The day before -Hoàn thành câu. *Ghi nhớ: -Khi động từ giới thiệu ở thì hiện tại, ta giữ nguyên thì động từ trong câu nói gián tiếp. Chỉ biến đổi S, Obj, TTSH, ĐTCĐ, Adv, ... sao cho phù hợp. -He says (My mother is a tacher." -->He said his mother is a teacher. - Khi câu nói trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, sự thật hiển nhiên, thì động từ không đổi trong câu nói gián tiếp. -He said "The earth goes around the sun." -->He said that the earth goes around the sun. 2. Gián tiếp dạng câu hỏi : Questions. 2.1. Steps: -T models by giving example: *Example: T: -"Do you like sports?" Sts: -Mrs Hien asked me if I liked sports. T: "Is your Mom a teacher, Ha?" Sts: -Mrs Hien asked Ha if her Mom was a teacher. T: "Where do you live?" Sts: -Mrs Hien asked me where I lived. T: "What languages can you speak, An?" Sts: -Mrs Hien asked An what languages he could speak. +.Form: S1 + aksed + Obj1 + if/ whether + S + V(...) + ... Wh. word *Steps:-Xác định S1 (ai hỏi) và Obj 1(hỏi ai). -Viết liên từ "if/ whether" (yes/ no question) và từ hỏi (wh.question). -Bỏ "Do/Does" nếu có. Nếu không chuyển trật tự câu về dạng câu phát biểu 8
9. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN -Biến đổi ĐTNX làm S/ Obj, TTSH, ĐTSH sao cho phù hợp với S1/ Obj1. -Biến đổi động từ --> Lùi về 1 thì so với câu trực tiếp. -Biến đổi ĐTCĐ, trạng từ chỉ vị trí, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và hoàn thành câu *Note: -Mọi quy tắc còn lại tuân thủ như với câu phát biểu. 2.2. Exercises: Exercise 1: Choose the best answer 1. She said she (like/ likes/ liked) pop music. 2. My Mom said that I (can/ could) choose the school I liked. 3. She asked me (help/ to help/ helping) her with the housework. 4. Nga said that (I/ she/ her) was tired. 5. Mr Hung said that he (not like/ doesn't like/ didn't like) movies. 6. I warned him (not laugh/ not laughed/ not to laugh) at me. 7. She said that she (is learning/ learning/ was learning) English at school. 8. He (told that/ told to me that/ told me that) he lived in Ha Tinh city. 9. He said that he (enjoys reading/ enjoyed reading/ enjoys to read) books. 10.Our teacher said that the sun (rise/ rises/ rose) in the East. Exercise 2: Change these sentences into Reported Speech: 1. Nam said “I am told to be at school before 7 o’clock”. . 2. Thu said “All the students will have a meeting next week”. . 3. Phong said “My parents are very proud of my good marks”. . 4. The teacher said “All the homework must be done carefully”. . 5. Her father said to her “You can go to the movie with your friend”. . 1. “Do you enjoy reading?” Phong asked Peter . 2. “Does she like sports?” Hoa asked Lan . 3. “Do your sister and brother go to the same school?” She asked Nam . 4. “Are there any oranges in the fridge?” She asked her mom . 5. “Will it rain tomorrow morning?” He asked his friend . 9
10. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 1. “Where does your father work?” The teacher asked me . 2. “How many people are there in your family?” She asked Lan . 3. Tam’s friend asked him “How long will you stay in England?” . 4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter. . 5. “How did you go to the airport?” His friend asked him Exercise 3. Choose the best answer 1. Julia said that she ___________ there at noon. A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be 2. He _______ that he was leaving way that afternoon. A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me 3. She said to me that she __________ to me the Sunday before. A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had written 4. I _________ him to sell that old motorbike. A. said to B. suggested C. advised D. recommended 5. My parents reminded me ________ the flowers. A. remember to plant B. plant C. to plant D. planting 6. I asked Martha ______ to enter law school. A. are you planning B. is she planning C. was she planning D. if she was planning 7. Nam wanted to know what time ________. A. does the movie begin B. did the movie begin C. the movie begins D. the movie began 8. I wondered_______ the right thing. A. whether I was doing B. if I am doing C. was I doing D. am I doing 9. The scientist said the earth ________ the sun. A. goes round B. is going around C. went around D. was going around 10. Peter said that if he ________rich, he _________ a lot. A. is – will travel B. were- would travel C. had been – would have travelled D. was – will travel Exercise 4. Choose the best answer 10
11. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 1. Julia saíd that she ___________ there at noon. A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be 2. He _______ that he was leaving way that afternoon. A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me 3. She said to me that she __________ to me the Sunday before. A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had written 4. I _________ him to sell that old motorbike. A. said to B. suggested C. advised D. recommended 5. My parents reminded me ________ the flowers. A. remember to plant B. plant C. to plant D. planting 6. I asked Martha ______ to enter law school. A. are you planning B. is she planning C. was she planning D. if she was planning 7. Nam wanted to know what time ________. A. does the movie begin B. did the movie begin C. the movie begins D. the movie began 8. I wondered_______ the right thing. A. whether I was doing B. if I am doing C. was I doing D. am I doing 10. Peter said that if he ________rich, he _________ a lot. A. is – will travel B. were- would travel C. had been – would have travelled D. was – will travel 3. Câu mệnh lệnh ‘’ V + Obj ..., please./ Please V + Obj ... Can/ Could you + V.bare ...? Will you + V.bare ...? Don't + V.bare ... Do/ Would you mind + V.ing ... ?’’ S1 + asked/ told + Obj + to V ... not to V ... Exercise 1: Report these sentences begin with “ He asked/ told me ”: 1. "Please come early" 2. "Please buy some milk" 3. "Could you please open the window?" 4. "Could you bring the book tonight?" 5. "Can you help me with my homework, please?" 11
12. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 6. "Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?" 7. "Would you mind passing the salt?" 8. "Would you mind lending me a pencil?" 9. "Do your homework!" 10. "Don't smoke!" 11. "Don't be late!" 12. "Tidy your room!" 13. "Wait here!" 14. "Don't make a mess!" 15. "Do the washing-up!" 4. Câu đề nghị Suggestions: Let’s + V.bare + Why don’t we + V.bare + ? What about/ How about + V.ing + ? I think we should + V.bare + Why not + V.bare + ? It would be better if we +V.bare + S + suggested + V.ing + That + S2 + should (not) + V.bare *Notes: -Câu yêu cầu, mệnh lệnh có hình thức giống nhau, tuy nhiên, trường hợp mệnh lệnh có ý mạnh mẽ, gay gắt chúng ta có thể dùng các động từ giới thiệu khác như: commanded/ ordered, ... Trường hợp cảnh báo ta dùng: warned. Exercise 1: Change these sentences into reported speech, using "asked/ told/ said/ suggested”: 1. "Please lend me your dictionary, Quang." said Hoa. 2. "Can you help me with my homework?" Minh said to his sister. 3. "You should practice speaking English everyday." the teacher said. 4. "You shouldn't translate each sentence into Vietnamese." My brother told me. 5. "Please repeat what you have said, Mr. Binh." said Tim. 6. "Can you turn down the radio?" Miss Jackson said to Mary. 7. "Can you explain this word for me?" Trang asks Hue. 8. "Please don't talk during the test." Mrs. Lan said to the students. 9. "You should concentrate on your lesson." Mr. Van told me. 10. "Could you speak more slowly?" I asked the foreigner. 11. “Let’s go camping this weekend. Said Tim 12
13. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 12. “ Why don’t we collect used cans and bottles then sell them?” said Mrs Ha 13. “Remember to brush your teeth twice a day, Nam.” Said the dentist. 14. “What about recycling rubbish around our school?” said Hoa to Nam. 15. “Will you please help me move this table, Hung?” I said. V. Câu điều kiện Câu điều kiện gồm có hai phần: Mệnh đề điều kiện (bắt đầu bằng "if") và mệnh đề chính. Conditional sentences: Main clause If -clause 1. Câu điều kiện loại 1: a. Form: điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai Main clause if - clause Future simple Present simple Will + V.bare Am/ is/ are Can V.bare/ V(s/es) 2. Câu điều kiện loại 2: a. Form: điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai Main clause if - clause Past subjunctive Condition Were (Would + infinitive) V.past Example: - If I were you I would learn harder. b. Use: Câu điều kiện loại hai được sử dụng để nói về một giả thiết trái ngược với thực tế ở hiện tại. Quá khứ giả định trong mệnh đề "if" cho biết rằng điều kiện này là không có thật (hoặc trái với những điều đã biết) hoặc không chắc sẽ xảy ra. Example: -If I had .free time I would go swimming. (But I don’t have) *Chú ý: Với động từ "to be" chỉ có một hình thức "were" cho tất cả các ngôi. - If I were you .................... - If there were a thief ................... 3. Notes: a.If + S + be not = Unless S + be/ V(s/es) ... don't/ doesn't + V.bare b. V.bare + or/ otherwise + S will + V.bare ... = If you don't + V.bare + ... c. Don't + V.bare ... or/ otherwise + S + ... = If you + V.bare ..., S + ... 4. Practice: Exercise 1: Multiple choice. 13
14. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 1. If she (has/ had/ to have) enough money, she'll buy an apartment. 2. If they train hard, they (will break/ would break/ break) past records easily. 3. If the childen got up earlier, they (wouldn't miss/ will miss/ missed) the bus 4. If today (has been/ were/ is) Sunday, we could go to the beach. 5. If the firemen (have come/ come/ came) in time, they could save the victims. 6. If you don't work hard, you (won't get/ don't get/ hasn't got) better results. 7. If the weather (is/ will be/ can be) fine tomorrow, we'll go on a camping trip. 8. If she (came/ had come/ comes) home early, she would have met her old friend. Exercise 2: Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets. 1. If I (be) ........... you, I would wear a raincoat. 2. If you need any more butter, I (give) ............ you some. 3. Pollution (increase) ................ if we use more oil and coal. 4. How you (spend) ................ your time if you have a day off? 5. You (have) ................ to repeat the course if you fail this test. 6. I’ll go to the cinema this evening if I (be not) ................ busy. 7. If I go jogging every day, I (become) ................ a healthy man. 8. I’ll go to the doctor if I (not feel) .................. well. 9. If you (know) ....... more grammar, you would make fewer mistakes. 10. You’ll succeed if you (do) ................. as I told you. Example 3: Read the first sentence, and then complete the second sentence with the same meaning. 1. Practice speaking everyday or you can’t improve your English. --> If ...... 2. If she doesn’t hurry, she will miss the last train. --> Unless ... 3. I won’t go to the cinema unless he goes with me. --> If 4. Work hard or you can’t pass the exam. --> If .. 5. Study hard or you’ll fail in the final exam. --> Unless 6. If you are not careful, you’ll cut yourself --> Unless VI . Relative clause 1. Relative pronouns: a.Definition: Là từ đứng liền sau một danh từ để thay thế cho danh từ đó làm S/ Obj, sở hữu cách trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Danh từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ gọi là "Từ đứng trước". Từ đứng S Obj Sở hữu trước cách Người Who / Whom/ Whose That That 14
15. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN Vật Which/ Which/ Of That That Which b.Use: +.Who: Thay thế cho danh từ đứng trước chỉ người làm S trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Example: -The man who spoke to you last night is my father. N ĐTQH=S --> MĐQH -The girl who serves in the shop is the owner's daughter. N ĐTQH = S --> MĐQH +.Whom: Thay thế cho danh từ đứng trước chỉ người làm tân ngữ Obj trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Example: -The man whom you saw yesterday is my father. N ĐTQH = Obj --> MĐQH (You saw the man yesterday.) -The girl whom your brother loves is a teacher. N ĐTQH = Obj --> MĐQH (Your brother loves the girl.) Notes: Tuy nhiên trong văn nói thông thường, ta vẫn thường dùng "Who" hoặc "That" thay vì "Whom". (Whom có thể được bỏ) +.Which: Thay thế cho danh từ đứng trước chỉ vật làm S/ Obj trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Example: -The dog which you saw won the race. N ĐTQH = Obj --> MĐQH -The book which has just been sold is very interesting. N ĐTQH=S --> MĐQH -Khi "Which" là Obj của một giới từ, ta viết "Pre + Which". +.Whose: Thay thế cho TTSH hoặc sở hữu cách của danh từ chỉ người. Example: -The man whose house was damaged in the storm will move to our village next week. (The man's house) -Tương tự, "of which" được dùng cho từ đứng trước là tiếng chỉ vật.(sở hửu cách) +.That: có thể thay thế cho "Who/ Whom/ Which" trong mệnh đề quan hệ. Trường hợp "Who/ Which" = Obj, ta có thể bỏ. *Những trường hợp bắt buộc phải dùng "That": -Sau hình thức so sánh cực cấp. -Sau: all/ only/ very/ every/ any/ much/ little/ no/ và những tiếng kép với every/ no: -I have nothing that you like., -Answer all the questions that I asked you. -They lost the only car that they have. 15
16. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN -Sau từ đứng trước là tiếng hỗn hợp .( cả người và vật). -Sau cấu trúc : "It's ..............." 2. Practice: Exercise 1: Put who/ whom/ which/ whose/ that: I. Chọn câu đúng: 1. She gives her children everything ..................... they want. A. that B. who C. whom D. what 2. Tell me ...................... you want and I will try to help you. A. that B. what C. who D. which 3. The place ......................... we spent our holiday was really beautiful. A. what B. who C. where D. which 4.What was the name of the girl .passport was stolen? A. whose B. who C. which D. when 5. The bed ...................... I slept in was too soft. A. whose B. which C. what D. who 6. Nora is the only person ......................... understands me. A. which B. who C. what D. whose 7. Why do you always disagree with everything I say? A. who B. which C. when D. what 8. this is an awful film. It is the worst I have never seen. A. who B. that C. what D. whom 9.The hotel we stayed was not clean. A. who B. that C. where D. when 10. The last time I saw her, she looked very beautiful. A. who B. that C. where D. when 11. What was the name of the people car had broken down. A. which B. who C. whom D. whose 12. I recently went back to the town I was born. A. what B. where C. who D. which 13.The reason ........................... I phoned him was to invite him to a party. A. what B. whose C. why D. which 14. I don’t agree with .................... you have just said. A. what B. who C. when D. which Exercise 2: Combine each pair of sentences, using or suitable relative pronoun: 1. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth. .. 2. I don’t remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week. .. 16
17. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 3. The only thing is how to go home. It make me worried. .. 4. The most beautiful girl lives city. I like her long hair very much. .. 5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday. .. 6. The children often go swimming on Sundays. They have much free time then. .. 7. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost the way in the forest. .. 8. The tree has lovely flowers. The tree stands near the gate of my house. .. 9. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife .. 10. The last man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once. .. VI . Tag questions ( câu hỏi đuôi) 1. Use: Câu hỏi đuôi thường được dùng khi người nói muốn kiểm tra một thông tin nào đó hoặc muốn có được sự đồng tình của người khác. I. CÁCH THÀNH LẬP 1. Câu hỏi đuôi gồm có: chủ ngữ (phải là đại từ nhân xưng) và trợ động từ hay động từ đặc biệt. 2. Nếu câu phát biểu ở thể khẳng định thì câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định và ngược lại. 3. Nếu câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định thì phải dùng hình thức tĩnh lược (contractive form). Ex: STATEMENTS QUESTION-TAGS He is a good boy, isn’t he? The girl didn't come here did she? yesterday, won't they? They will go away, has she? She hasn't left, II. ĐẶC BIỆT: a. Phần đuôi của “I am” là “aren’t I” . Eg: I’m going to do it again, aren’t I? b. Imperatives and Requests ( Câu mệnh lệnh và câu yêu cầu): + Có phần đuôi là “won’t you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời mời: 17
18. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN Eg: Take your seat, won’t you? (Mời ông ngồi) + Có phần đuôi là “will you?” khi câu phát biểu diễn tả lời yêu cầu hoặc mệnh lệnh phủ định. Eg: Open the door, will you? ( Xin vui lòng mở cửa) Don’t be late, will you? (Đừng đi trễ nha.) c. Phần đuôi của câu bắt đầu bằng “ Let’s ...” : là “shall we ?” Eg: Let’s go swimming, shall we? Nhưng phần đuôi của “Let us / Let me” là “will you” d. Nothing, anything, something, everything được thay là thế bằng “ It” ở câu hỏi đuôi: Eg : Everything will be all right, won’t it? No one, Nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everybody, everyone được thay thế bằng “They” trong câu hỏi đuôi. Eg: Someone remembered to leave the messages, didn’t they? Lưu ý: Nothing, Nobody, No one được dùng trong mệnh đề chính, động từ ở câu hỏi đuôi sẽ phải ở dạng thức khẳng định. (Vì Nothing, Nobody, No one có nghĩa phủ định) Eg: Nothing gives you more pleasure than listening to music, does it ? e. This/ That được thay thế là “It”. Eg: This won’t take long, will it? f. These/ Those được thay thế là “They”. Eg: Those are nice, aren’t they? g. Khi trong câu nói có từ phủ định như: seldom, rarely, hardly, no, without, never, few, little phần đuôi phải ở dạng khẳng định. Eg: He seldom goes to the movies, does he? h. Nếu câu phát biểu có dạng : You ‘d better → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : hadn’t you ? You’d rather → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : wouldn’t you ? You used to → câu hỏi đuôi sẽ là : didn’t you ? III. Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi: Ý nghĩa của câu hỏi đuôi phụ thuộc vào ngữ điệu diễn đạt nó: - Xuống giọng và hy vọng người nghe trả lời “yes” - Lên giọng và người nghe có thể trả lời “yes or no” III. Practice 1. Choose the word or phrase A, B, C or D that best completes the sentence: 1. No one is better cook than his mother, ______? A. is she B. isn’t she C. are they D. aren’t they 2. Do it right now, ______? A. will you B. shall you C. do you D. don’t you 3. There are no easy ways to learn a foreign language, _______? A. are they B. are there C. aren’t they D. aren’t there 18
19. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN 4. He seldom goes to the library, ______? A. doesn’t he B. is he C. does he D. isn’t he 5. Let’s go for a long walk, ______? A. will we B. shall we C .don’t you D. do you 6. I think he will join us, _____? A. doesn’t he B. won’t he C. will he D. don’t I 7. The film is good, _______________? A. is it B. are they C. isn’t it D. aren’t they 8. You are going to the party, ____________? A. is you B. are you C. aren’t you D. were you 9. He can speak English, _________________ ? A. can he B. can’t he C. can’t him D. could he 10. You don’t know him,__________________ ? A. do you B. don’t you C. are you D. aren’t you EXERCISE 2 Question tags after negative statements Add question tags to the following 1 You aren't afraid of snakes .. 2 Ann isn't at home 3 You don't know French 4 Tom didn't see her 5 This isn't yours .. . 6 Mary wasn't angry . 7 Bill hasn't had breakfast .. 8 You won't tell anyone .... . 9 I didn't wake you up .. 10 Tom doesn't like oysters . 11 You don't want to sell the house . 12 It doesn't hurt ... . 13 People shouldn't drink and drive .. 14 You aren't going alone .. .. 15 They couldn't pay the rent 16 You don't agree with Bill . . 17 There wasn't a lot to do . 18 I needn't say anything . 19 That wasn't Ann on the phone . 20 You didn't do it on purpose .. . VII .. So such , too , enough ( cấu trúc enough , so that, such that, too) 1. S + Be/V + too + adj/adv + (for someone) + to do something: Quá....để cho ai làm gì... 19
20. ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN THI VÀO THPT GV : NGUYỄN THỊ CẨM VÂN Ví dụ: - The top shelf is too high for the children to reach. - He ran too fast for me to follow. 2. S + Be/V + so + adj/ adv + that + S + V+O: Quá... đến nỗi mà... Ví dụ: - The top shelf is so high that the children can not reach it. - He ran so fast that I could not follow him. Notes: Trong cấu trúc So that: vế sau that là mệnh đề mới nên cần có thêm O sau V nên ta có reach it và follow him, trong khi đó ở cấu trúc “too” thì không, các em hết sức lưu ý. Còn cấu trúc S + Be/V + so + many/much/little/few +N + that + S + V + O. Ví dụ: She has so much work to do that she can not go out with me tonight. She has so many things to do that she can not go out with me tonight 3. It + Be/V + such + (a/an) + (adj) + N(s) + that + S + V +O: Quá... đến nỗi mà... Ví dụ: - It is such a high top shelf that the children can not reach it. - He was such a fast runner that I could not follow him 4. S + Be/V + adj/ adv + enough + (for someone) + to do something : Đủ... cho ai đó làm gì... Chúng ta thường lấy ADJ đối nghĩa của ADJ cho sẵn trong câu “too” để dùng tạo câu mới. Ví dụ: She is too young to get married. => She isn’t old enough to get married. EXERCISE: 1. The books are so interesting that we have read them many times. => They are such ...................................................................... 2. The news was so bad that she burst into tears on hearing it. => It was such .... ...................................................................... 3. The food was so hot that it turned my tongue. => It was such ..... ...................................................................... 4. There is so much rain that we can't go out. => There is such.. ........................................................................ 5. The boy is so fat that every calls him Stuffy. => He is .... ...................................................................... 6. The milk is so excellent that all the children want some more. => It is such .. ........................................................................ 7. The weather was so warm that they had a walk in the garden. 20